Trong vòng 10 năm vừa qua, nhiều trường đại học đã thành lập những chương trình học bằng tiếng Anh, và tư cuối năm 2005 Bộ GDĐT đã đẩy mạnh việc này bằng các chương trình “nâng cao” hợp tác với các trường ĐH ở nước ngoài. Chỉ nói riêng ở Hà Nội, theo tôi được biết, các ĐH Hà Nội, Khoa học Tự nhiên, Kinh tế Quốc dân, Bách Khoa, Nông nghiệp, Thủy Lợi, Giao thông Vận tải, Ngoại thương, và Kiến trúc đã có những khoa và chương trình học hoàn toàn bằng tiếng Anh. Người ta nghĩ rằng học bằng tiếng nước ngoài là cách hiệu quả nhất để có giáo trình mới, phương pháp giảng dạy mới, và tạo rá một thế hệ SV mới, giỏi cả chuyên môn và tiếng Anh nữa. Thế nhưng câu hỏi đặt ra là, kết quả của các chương trình này thực sự là gì?
Vấn đề 1. Các giáo viên được chọn vì giỏi tiếng Anh không phải vì giỏi chuyên môn. Tôi vừa mới gặp một chủ nhiệm Khoa Quốc tế học giỏi tiếng Anh, rất nhiệt tình và có tinh thần trách nghiệm, đã có bằng tiến sĩ… văn học Anh. Ngoài những trường hợp như vậy, đa số GV đang giảng dạy cho những chương trình nâng cao chỉ có bằng thạc sĩ, bao gồm nhiều bằng MBA hay thạc sĩ có thể lấy sau chỉ một hay hai năm học ở nước ngoài. Tôi biết vì tôi đã có bằng thạc sĩ như vậy: dù nó là của một ĐH rất có tiếng tăm (ĐH Cambridge tại Anh), nhưng tôi biết rằng sau khi tốt nghiệp rồi, tôi không thể giảng dạy cho ai cả. Ý tôi muốn nói là để có thể giảng dạy tốt, chuyên môn và bằng tiến sĩ là quan trọng hơn tiếng Anh.
Vấn đề 2: Mặc dù một GV nào đó rất giỏi về tiếng Anh, nhưng GV này sẽ luôn có thể giảng dạy sâu sắc hơn bằng tiếng bản xứ. Tôi có một người bạn, đã học tiến sĩ Nhân học tại Úc về. Cô ấy là một trong những bạn người Viêt giỏi nhất tiếng Anh của tôi: cực giỏi luôn. Cách đây mấy năm, tôi mời cô ấy dạy các học trò người Mỹ tham gia chương trình tôi đang phụ trách tại Hà Nội. Nhưng sau một học kỳ, cô ngừng việc, giải thích lý do là cô không thể hài lòng với khả năng giải thích, thảo luân, để SV Mỹ có thể thực sự hiểu ý của cô. Bây giờ, cô ấy đang tham gia giảng dạy cho các SV cao học người Việt, và bằng tiếng Việt. Cô ấy cảm thấy thích thú truyền đạt hơn và học sinh cũng học một cách thích thú. Tôi rất tiếc cô ấy không giảng dạy nữa cho các học trò của tôi, nhưng tôi tôn trọng quyết định của cô. Và nếu cô ấy, mặc dù rất giỏi tiếng Anh nhưng vẫn ngại dạy bằng tiếng Anh, thì các GV khác thì sao?
Vấn đề 3: Vì nhiều GV chưa có chuyên môn, chưa giỏi tiếng Anh, nên phương pháp giảng dạy bi ảnh hưởng nhiều. Đôi khi, nhiều lớp học dùng giáo trình rất tùy tiện, đã hết đát ở nước ngoài, và không thường xuyên cập nhật các tài liệu mới nhất từ các nền giáo dục tiên tiến trên thế giới. Và bởi cả GV và SV đều thiếu khả năng tiếng Anh, dó đó trong lớp các GV phụ thuộc nhiều vào Powerpoint và các SV chỉ chép lại. Như vậy, giáo trình và phương pháp giảng dạy mới lại rất giống… phương pháp cũ.
Vấn đề 4: Quan trọng nhất là khả năng tiếng Anh của các SV. Lúc nào tôi vào một lớp học nâng cao giảng dạy, tôi biết ngay rằng mặc dù tôi nói chậm, phát âm rất chuẩn, và dùng từ vựng đơn giản hơn bình thường, chỉ có một phần ba SV theo được. Một phần ba hiểu một nửa, còn lại... Và nếu các SV đã khó hiểu lời của thầy, thì ai sẽ có đủ khả năng và tự tin để hỏi thầy, tham gia vào các thảo luận trong lớp, và ứng dụng những kiến thức học được vào thực tế cuộc sống? Chúng ta cũng phải công nhận rằng các SV giỏi và khá sẽ có thể đạt điểm cao chính là bởi họ giỏi tiếng Anh, không phải bởi họ giỏi chuyên môn. Trong thực tế, kết quả tốt nhất có thể có được từ những chương trình này là một những SV rất rất bình thường: không chỉ bình thường về tiếng Anh và chuyên môn, mà đôi khi về tiếng Việt nữa.
Tôi không muốn nói rằng SV Việt Nam không nên học tiếng nước ngoài. Khi tôi học đại học, tôi rất vui mừng có cơ họi học ba thứ tiếng Pháp, Đức, và Tây Ban Nha, và các SV Việt Nam cũng nên học tiếng nước ngoài: càng nhiều càng tốt. Ai có tài về ngôn ngữ hay định theo một nghề nghiệp mà tiếng nước ngoài là cần thiết, thì nên học nhiều hơn để đạt được trính độ nâng cao. Nhưng các chuyên môn nên học bằng tiếng Việt. Các GV sẽ có thể giảng dạy tốt hơn, các SV sẽ có thể học tốt hơn. Nếu chúng ta thực sự muốn tạo ra một thể hệ SV mới, giỏi về chuyên môn và sãn sàng xây dựng đất nước ta, thì tiếng ta hơn tiếng Tây.
Tôi xin chân thành cảm ơn bạn Phạm Quỳnh Phương và bạn Phạm Thị Phương Liên vì sự giúp đỡ và những đóng góp xác đáng cho bài viết này.
Sunday, June 27, 2010
Thursday, March 11, 2010
Why is the Vietnamese translation of The Communist Manifesto so boring?
Last semester, a friend of mine invited me to give a lecture on the Industrial Revolution in her class on “World Civilizations,” at Hanoi University’s Faculty of International Studies. I’m not sure if she knew what she or her students were in for. In addition to questioning how she was teaching “World Civilizations” as a story of the ineluctable and natural rise of the “West,” and deconstructing the conventional depiction of the Industrial Revolution as flowing from the combination of technology and free markets (i.e. why the “West” is so great and everyone else sucks), I also had her students read that great theorist of the Industrial Revolution, Karl Marx. Blame my twisted sense of humor, but I do find it curious that Vietnamese university students, who’ve spent hundreds of hours learning about Marxism and Scientific Socialism, have almost never read anything written by Marx himself. So I chose some excerpts from the Communist Manifesto, printed them in both English and Vietnamese, and gave them to the students (both versions available from www.marxists.org).
This was the first time I’d read a translation of Marx in Vietnamese, and I was struck by how bland it was. Granted, the English version wasn’t written by Marx himself, but it was translated with the help of Engels, so I have to assume it captures the flavor of Marx’s original German. And for me, at least, that flavor is pretty damn good, combining powerful images with incisive critique in prose that verges on poetry. I mean, how can you not be struck by something like “All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” But compare it with the Vietnamese. “Tất cả những quan hệ xã hội cứng đờ và hoen rỉ, với cả tràng những quan niệm và tư tưởng vốn được tôn sùng từ nghìn năm đi kèm những quan hệ ấy, đều đang tiêu tan; những quan hệ xã hội thay thế những quan hệ đó chưa kịp cứng lại thì đã già cỗi ngay. Tất cả những gì mang tính đẳng cấp và trí tuệ đều tiêu tan như mây khói; tất cả những gì là thiêng liêng đều bị ô uế, và rốt cuộc, mỗi người đều buộc phải nhìn những điều kiện sinh hoạt của họ và những quan hệ giữa họ với nhau bằng con mắt tỉnh táo.” Call me crazy, but I don’t hear the music anymore.
It’s not just me: the students agreed that while the Vietnamese version was ho-hum, the English version was, well, surprisingly cool, and surprisingly relevant to their own experience of “Development.” Why is this? Is it really impossible to translate the meaning and the poetry at the same time? Or does somebody out there want to put Vietnamese to sleep before they can begin to understand the power of Marx’s ideas? I don’t know, but I can only conclude that the first generation of Vietnamese Communists was reading their Marx in French, German, or Russian. Because if they were reading it in Vietnamese, they would have dozed right through the Revolution.
This was the first time I’d read a translation of Marx in Vietnamese, and I was struck by how bland it was. Granted, the English version wasn’t written by Marx himself, but it was translated with the help of Engels, so I have to assume it captures the flavor of Marx’s original German. And for me, at least, that flavor is pretty damn good, combining powerful images with incisive critique in prose that verges on poetry. I mean, how can you not be struck by something like “All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” But compare it with the Vietnamese. “Tất cả những quan hệ xã hội cứng đờ và hoen rỉ, với cả tràng những quan niệm và tư tưởng vốn được tôn sùng từ nghìn năm đi kèm những quan hệ ấy, đều đang tiêu tan; những quan hệ xã hội thay thế những quan hệ đó chưa kịp cứng lại thì đã già cỗi ngay. Tất cả những gì mang tính đẳng cấp và trí tuệ đều tiêu tan như mây khói; tất cả những gì là thiêng liêng đều bị ô uế, và rốt cuộc, mỗi người đều buộc phải nhìn những điều kiện sinh hoạt của họ và những quan hệ giữa họ với nhau bằng con mắt tỉnh táo.” Call me crazy, but I don’t hear the music anymore.
It’s not just me: the students agreed that while the Vietnamese version was ho-hum, the English version was, well, surprisingly cool, and surprisingly relevant to their own experience of “Development.” Why is this? Is it really impossible to translate the meaning and the poetry at the same time? Or does somebody out there want to put Vietnamese to sleep before they can begin to understand the power of Marx’s ideas? I don’t know, but I can only conclude that the first generation of Vietnamese Communists was reading their Marx in French, German, or Russian. Because if they were reading it in Vietnamese, they would have dozed right through the Revolution.
Tuesday, March 9, 2010
I heart Bangkok’s metro system!
Okay, so maybe it only covers a small part of the sprawling city, and maybe it does little to alleviate the notorious traffic jams, but I heart Bangkok’s metro system. Where else can you get such a seamless advertising experience? It’s not the fact that virtually all the vertical space in the stations and cars is covered with billboards. No, that’s become such a part of life that only a Martian would think it even the slightest bit remarkable. Nor is it the flatscreen TVs sprinkled throughout the platforms playing an endlessly looped series of advertisements. Or the fact that the same advertising program is playing on giant screen TVs that are actually outside the platform, directly opposite the space where waiting commuters are required to queue. It’s not even that once you finally get in the car, six more flatscreen TVs are playing the same program. No, what distinguishes Bangkok from sadly amateurish efforts in places like Tokyo or Seoul, is the way all of the spaces of Bangkok’s metro system, from the platform to the car, are equipped with Bose speaker systems so that the advertisements are not just visual, but also aural. Perhaps it’s just a generous effort to make sure even Bangkok’s sight-challenged commuters can participate equally in our consumer lifestyle, but the result is that there’s really no way to take the metro in Bangkok without being subjected to a continuous stream of advertising. Nothing, that is, short of closing your eyes, putting your fingers in your ears, and screaming over and over again “It’s NOT 1984, it’s NOT 1984.” But that would be silly. On several levels.
Wednesday, January 6, 2010
McAsian cuisine
I hereby give the world notice that I am trademarking the terms “McAsian cuisine” and “McAsian food.” Hell, I'll just take all of "McAsia" and "McAsian" for good measure. Anyone, anywhere who uses that term from now on has to pay me a glass of bia hơi each time they use it. Except if you’re in Somalia. I suspect not even Walt Disney's trademark department could enforce this in Somalia.
Seriously, I know that the second you read the header, you went “SNAP!” You knew exactly what I meant, even though you’d never thought about it that way. It’s that strangely generic “Asian” food that has populated food courts and airport waiting areas from Singapore to Seattle and is now even making its way into places like – the horror, the horror – the American Midwest. It’s a cuisine that takes a couple typical dishes from every country in Asia, dumbs them down and sweetens them up, and if at all possible, deep fries them for good measure. You’ve got your “Cantonese” fried rice, your “Singapore” fried noodles, some “Vietnamese” spring rolls, a Pad “Thai”… Just top it off with some shockingly bad sushi, and your McAsian menu is complete.
Now that the term is out there, it’s going to be pretty much impossible not to use it. “Hey, wanna go grab some McAsian food?” “What do you feel like tonight? – How about McAsian?” “I know this great little place that serves the best McAsian in the whole Tristate area.” Just remember, each time, that’s one more glass of bia hơi for me. And who knows, I just might have to order some real Vietnamese food to go along with all that bia hơi.
Seriously, I know that the second you read the header, you went “SNAP!” You knew exactly what I meant, even though you’d never thought about it that way. It’s that strangely generic “Asian” food that has populated food courts and airport waiting areas from Singapore to Seattle and is now even making its way into places like – the horror, the horror – the American Midwest. It’s a cuisine that takes a couple typical dishes from every country in Asia, dumbs them down and sweetens them up, and if at all possible, deep fries them for good measure. You’ve got your “Cantonese” fried rice, your “Singapore” fried noodles, some “Vietnamese” spring rolls, a Pad “Thai”… Just top it off with some shockingly bad sushi, and your McAsian menu is complete.
Now that the term is out there, it’s going to be pretty much impossible not to use it. “Hey, wanna go grab some McAsian food?” “What do you feel like tonight? – How about McAsian?” “I know this great little place that serves the best McAsian in the whole Tristate area.” Just remember, each time, that’s one more glass of bia hơi for me. And who knows, I just might have to order some real Vietnamese food to go along with all that bia hơi.
Have we killed the áo dài?
I should start this by pointing out that I’m as aware as the next human about the invented nature of “tradition” in general and “traditional dress” in particular. I know of the áo dài’s questionably “Vietnamese” roots (looks kinda Khmer now that you mention it), its recent invention (at best a bare 200 years, but really only since the 1920s), and above all how national costumes of any sort tend to promote the objectification if not commodification of women. But all that aside, the áo dài has undeniably become a symbol of Vietnam, ranking up in the top three along with the nón lá and phở. I mean, what else do we have? Honking horns?
Truth be told, there are a lot worse national symbols. If we allow ourselves to put political correctness to one side for just a moment, I think we all can admit that a woman wearing a well-tailored áo dài can be strikingly beautiful. To compare, a young woman in Korea’s national costume, the hanbok, to my mind at least, looks vaguely comical and more than a little uncomfortable. A young woman in an áo dài, on the other hand, looks graceful, demure, and sexy all at the same time. Throw in a Huế accent and she’s pretty much irresistible.
Which is why it saddened me to hear that one of my Vietnamese students had advised her American classmates not to have áo dài made before returning home. As the student explained it, in Vietnam today, áo dài are worn almost exclusively by woman in the service industry, Vietnam Airlines flight attendants, wait staff in certain “traditional” restaurants, and hotel receptionists being prime examples. As a result, the áo dài had taken on certain negative class connotations: essentially it was the uniform of working women. Not quite factory overalls, but close.
While for foreigners and overseas Vietnamese the áo dài remains a beautiful, fashionable, and uniquely Vietnamese style of dress, for at least one young Vietnamese woman, it has taken on a very different set of meanings. In our haste to create a “brand identity” – for Vietnam as much as for Vietnam airlines – have we killed the áo dài?
Truth be told, there are a lot worse national symbols. If we allow ourselves to put political correctness to one side for just a moment, I think we all can admit that a woman wearing a well-tailored áo dài can be strikingly beautiful. To compare, a young woman in Korea’s national costume, the hanbok, to my mind at least, looks vaguely comical and more than a little uncomfortable. A young woman in an áo dài, on the other hand, looks graceful, demure, and sexy all at the same time. Throw in a Huế accent and she’s pretty much irresistible.
Which is why it saddened me to hear that one of my Vietnamese students had advised her American classmates not to have áo dài made before returning home. As the student explained it, in Vietnam today, áo dài are worn almost exclusively by woman in the service industry, Vietnam Airlines flight attendants, wait staff in certain “traditional” restaurants, and hotel receptionists being prime examples. As a result, the áo dài had taken on certain negative class connotations: essentially it was the uniform of working women. Not quite factory overalls, but close.
While for foreigners and overseas Vietnamese the áo dài remains a beautiful, fashionable, and uniquely Vietnamese style of dress, for at least one young Vietnamese woman, it has taken on a very different set of meanings. In our haste to create a “brand identity” – for Vietnam as much as for Vietnam airlines – have we killed the áo dài?
Tuesday, December 29, 2009
why is there so much meat in my phở?
Before I go any further, I should point out that the comments that follow apply only to real Hà Nội phở, not Sài Gòn phở, and especially not that strange hybrid stuff they sell at Phở 24. Anyway, given that I've been eating phở in Hà Nội now for almost ten years now, I think we can assume I know what I'm doing. I know where to get good phở bò, phở gà, the gristliest sốt vang, the softest quẩy (and we all know that's not easy in Hà Nội).
One of the things I learned early on was the precise ratio of meat to noodle necessary so that there was enough meat for each mouthful, but never too much left over at the end. But for the last few months, no matter which of my favorite local shops I go to, there's always meat left in the bottom of the bowl. There it sits, bereft of noodles, only a few slivers of spring onion to keep it company.
This intrigues me. We all know that inflation has been hitting Vietnam hard over the last two years, and the rising price of phở has been one of the clearest indicators. But at the same time, it would seem that consumer expectations are rising too, and that phở shops are competing on perceived value. Particularly given that I've been noticing increased amounts of meat in my phở over the last six months while the price has remained constant, I'm wondering if this isn't in some sense the local equivalent of the McDonald's Super Value Menu: increased "value" to keep customers coming back despite the economic downturn. If I were an economist, I'm guessing I could find something extremely profound in all of this. But as it is, I guess I'll just keep ending up with leftover meat in the bottom of my bowl of phở every morning.
One of the things I learned early on was the precise ratio of meat to noodle necessary so that there was enough meat for each mouthful, but never too much left over at the end. But for the last few months, no matter which of my favorite local shops I go to, there's always meat left in the bottom of the bowl. There it sits, bereft of noodles, only a few slivers of spring onion to keep it company.
This intrigues me. We all know that inflation has been hitting Vietnam hard over the last two years, and the rising price of phở has been one of the clearest indicators. But at the same time, it would seem that consumer expectations are rising too, and that phở shops are competing on perceived value. Particularly given that I've been noticing increased amounts of meat in my phở over the last six months while the price has remained constant, I'm wondering if this isn't in some sense the local equivalent of the McDonald's Super Value Menu: increased "value" to keep customers coming back despite the economic downturn. If I were an economist, I'm guessing I could find something extremely profound in all of this. But as it is, I guess I'll just keep ending up with leftover meat in the bottom of my bowl of phở every morning.
Tuesday, December 22, 2009
encapsulation
For me one of the most insidious aspects of "Development" is what I'll call encapsulation, or the creation of barriers to human contact. Of course, this process is most advanced in that most advanced of all nations, the US. Gated "communities" of people who spend their days "telecommuting" to work, leaving their home briefly to drive their SUV to get money at a drive-through bank, then food at a drive-through restaurant, before finally returning to their cosy cocoon to watch the latest film to arrive from Netflix. I exaggerate, of course, but not by much.
One of the things I've always loved about Vietnam is the way my day is filled with human contact. Granted, it's not always a positive experience, but it is real and it is human, and that for me far outweighs the occasional frustration at the market or an overpriced xe ôm ride. But I can feel it changing. And perhaps one of the reasons I dislike cars so much is the way they promote this process of encapsulation. Motorbikes (and even more, cycling or walking) have always struck me as a particularly human form of transportation. You make eye contact with the people around you, and a left turn involves a complex but almost instantaneous process of negotiation with the oncoming riders. Above all, though, you're a part of your environment, open to the possibilities inherent in the crowd of people eating tiết canh on Hai Bà Trưng street, the smell of nước phở simmering on Lò Đúc, or of the hoa sữa trees on Nguyễn Du.
A car is different. It is a capsule, inhabited by isolated individuals with no connection to the world around them and even less responsibility. You see this very clearly in the love of blacked-out windows, or conversely in the sense of shock we experience when we encounter a convertible sports car with the top down, and realize that cars in fact contain real humans who occasionally make eye contact or even smile at the people around them.
But convertibles are the exception that proves the blacked-out rule. The other evening as I walked out for a plate of cơm rang, I watched a new BMW 5-series creep along Nguyễn Bình Khiêm street, both driver and passenger (presumably husband and wife) engrossed in separate conversations on their iPhones, oblivious not just to the minor traffic jam they were creating, but also to each other. Call me lạc hậu (it's okay, everyone does), but I still prefer the motorbike to the car, the real to the virtual, talking to the person next to me rather than someone on the other side of town. But then again, maybe it's just that BMW 5-series owners are particularly boring. Here's to enjoying real life and real people wherever and whenever we can.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)